The elements of design are:
- Line — the visual path that enables the eye to move within the piece
- Shape — areas defined by edges within the piece, whether geometric or organic
- Colour — hues with their various values and intensities
- Texture — surface qualities which translate into tactile illusions
- Tone — Shading used to emphasize form
- Form — 3-D length, width, or depth
- Space — the space taken up by (positive) or in between (negative) objects
- Depth — perceived distance from the observer, separated in foreground, background, and optionally middle ground
Compositional techniques
- The Golden Ratio - Tỉ lệ vàng
- The Rule of Thirds - Luật 1/3
- Rule of odds - Luật số lẻ
- Implied lines - đường mắt (đường dẫn ánh mắt người nhìn)
- Rule of space
- Simplification
- Geometry and symmetry
- Creating movement
Principles of design
- Balance - Tính cân bằng
- Contrast - Tính tương phản
- Emphasis
- Movement - Chuyển động
- Rhythm - Nhịp điệu
- Variety - tính đang dạng
- Proportion - Tính cân xứng theo tỉ lệ
- Unity - Tính thống nhất
focal points = center of interest = trọng tâm
composition - Bố cục
Golden Ratio - Tỉ lệ vàng
symmetrical (a) đối xứng
Treatment (n) xử lý
resemble (v) giống như
balance (n) sự cân bằng
satisfy (v) làm thỏa mãn, làm hài lòng
element (n) thành phần, yếu tố
ingredients
layout
opposite (n) trái ngược
Viewpoint
Harmony
Contrast
Unity
patterns
pleasing to the eye
elements
form
a consistent whole
conscious
optical illusion
composition (n) Bố cục
in sight (n) trong tầm nhìn
Elements of Composition
Space: several forms, including:
- illusionist: created with linear perspective, aerial perspective (distant objects lose contrast and detail), size (far away objects are smaller), overlap (near objects obscure those further away).
two dimensional: objects are deformed into and modeled on the flat surface of the canvas: Cezanne and much modernist painting. - flat patterning: objects are shown as decorative theater flats, without linear perspective: Persian miniatures and some medieval western painting.
- oriental: a palpable sense of emptiness, with objects as it were coalescing out of this emptiness: traditional Chinese landscapes.
- self-created: act of painting creates its own sense of space, which is localized and not predetermined: some modern art.
- primitive: objects are randomly distributed, with no immediately obvious controlling feature: primitive, naive and children's art.
Shape: Areas closed off by line, or differences of tone, texture and color. Shapes have an abstract quality, and are often regarded as positive (enclosing recognizable objects in the painting) or negative (areas left between or around recognizable objects). Shapes interact, and independently evoke sensations of repose, agitation, purposeful energy, direction, etc.
Line: Lines enclose forms, and mark either edges where two planes intersect, or the bounding contour of an object seen against a distant background. More than shapes, lines have an authority of their own, creating movement, integration and texture.
Tone or value is the degree of light or dark in an element. Unless the work is a drawing, or employs only grays, tone also enters into the qualities of a color, along with hue and purity. Tone may create mood (e.g. dark tones for threat or mystery), drama (wide tonal range) or emphasis (highlighting the object of interest).
Texture is the visual patterning, and may be abstract (the fluidity of glazes or watercolor) or informative (a silk dress looks very different from one in satin). In the absence of other features, texture may help to create pleasing diversity, to focus interest, and/or impose a necessary unity on the work.
Hue is the color itself, the specific wavelength. Colors create complex physiological and psychological effects in the viewer, and hues are therefore a primary means of obtaining or enhancing the emotional impact of a work.
Color Purity refers to the vibrancy and intensity of a hue, its freedom from admixtures of other hues. Pure colors are colors of a single wavelength, and have the dazzling clarity of stained glass windows — i.e. quite unreal, to be used with the greatest caution. But the infinite gradations possible, combined with tone and hue, makes color purity an expressive device in the hands of a sensitive and experienced painter.
Deploying: Aims of Composition
Unity: Elements should be integrated so that the picture has an overall unity, with nothing left isolated or out of account.
Proportion: The golden section (0.62 to 1) is still useful, but by proportion is generally meant a pleasing relationship in proportions of one element to another.
Balance is closely related to proportion, but is usually applied to shapes and masses, which can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, or indeed anything that still somehow seems to be in balance.
Harmony: A peaceful coexistence of elements, if that is wanted, or at least a sense that the elements aid some coherent intention of the artist.
Variety: Differences in tone, color, shapes, etc. create visual interest, and this variety strengthens a painting if not pushed too far.
Contrast: Juxtaposing wide differences in elements create emphasis, essential if the painting is to have focus or make a statement.
Movement: The viewer's eye is drawn round the painting by the individual life and vitality of the elements.
Repetition: Properties that are repeated, usually with slight modifications, or in different elements, give emphasis and unity to a work.
Rhythm is repetition of elements, but at some constant interval — more difficult to achieve than repetition, but more powerful.
Symmetrical compositions
Symmetrical Balance
Asymmetrical Balance
perceptual weight
To do this it helps to imagine a fulcrum or balance point at the bottom center of your sketch.
the Rule of Thirds
The Golden Means
The Rule of Three
Magic Thirds
Odd numbers add interest
unity
distract (v) gây sao lãng
overlap (v) chồng lấp
element (n) yếu tố
apart (adv) rời xa, riêng ra
foreground, middle ground, and background
Perspective (n) phối cảnh
implied lines
accentuate (v) đặt trọng tâm, làm nổi bật
proportionate: cân xứng, tỉ lệ (≠ disproportionate (a) thiếu cân đối, cân xứng, không tỉ lệ)
occupy (v) chiếm giữ
subtlety (n)
harmonious,
accurately,
symmetry
figure and ground,
line,
shape,
form,
mass,
texture,
shade,
light
portions,
the rule of thirds,
the rule of odds
iterates
Golden ratio
Golden spiral
balance, of elements & color
proper rendering of light using value
center of interest
perspective
space division
harmony
movement
rhythm
texture
direction of line(s)
positive/negative shapes
balance of patterns
contrast
creativity
overall design quality & visual strength
Tham khảo:
http://www.oil-painting-techniques.com/elements-of-compositional-painting.html
